https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos <p><strong>HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION JOURNAL <br /> OF SCIENCE (HCMUE J. SCI.)</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>v <strong>General Information</strong></p><p><strong>Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Journal of Science<br /> (HCMUE J. Sci.)</strong> is an open access double-blinded, peer-reviewed journal, which is published on a monthly basis. </p><p><strong>HCMUE J. Sci.</strong> aims to contribute to the development and dissemination of multidisciplinary knowledge on Science and Education and other related aspects to increase dialogue among scholars, researchers and practitioners. The journal welcomes manuscripts with significant originality and scientific excellence. All submitted manuscripts must be theoretically and empirically original and have not been published anywhere. Manuscripts submitted to the journal should meet these criteria and will be undergone a rigorous peer-review process.</p><p>v <strong>About Us</strong></p><p>The <strong>HCMUE J. Sci.</strong> is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary academic journal sponsored by Ho Chi Minh City University of Education. The journal aims to provide researchers, professors, students and readers the most advanced research achievements in a wide range of areas and to facilitate the academic exchange between them. Compliant with open access policies, published materials can be copied and distributed without obtaining permission as long as a correct citation to the original publication is given. The HCMUE J. Sci. publishes original scientific research in one of four languages: Vietnamese, English, French or Chinese.</p><p>v <strong>Publication Ethics Statement</strong></p><strong>HCMUE J. Sci.</strong> is committed to maintaining the highest quality of published papers. All papers accepted for publication will be subjected to a rigorous peer-review. Any papers suspected of plagiarism, falsification and inauthentic authorship will never be published. HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION vi-VN HCMUE Journal of Science 2734-9918 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4271 Van Nguyen Bui Trong Dai Duong Hoang Phuc Khang Tran Doan An Trieu Thi Ngoc Loan Phan Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4449 Strawberry fruit samples collected in Japan and Dalat (Lam Dong) were analyzed for stable isotope composition δ15N using the Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry system (EA-IRMS). The results of the ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference at level among the the stable isotope composition δ15N in the organic strawberries from Japan compared to conventionally grown and greenhouse grown strawberries in Dalat and Japan, with . Specifically, the mean δ15N value in organic strawberries grown in Japan (4.720‰) was more enriched than that obtained from samples conventionally grown (0.020‰ and 0.864‰) and greenhouse grown (0.103‰) in Dalat and Japan. Additionally, the average δ15N value in hydroponically grown strawberries in Dalat (5.283‰) did not differ significantly from the organic strawberries in Japan at the α=0.05 level of significance. Trường Sơn Trương Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4540 One frequently utilized method in recommendation systems is collaborative filtering (CF). CF’s strength is that it generates recommendations based on past users’ ratings or purchase behavior instead of requiring thorough user information for customer profiling. Fine-tuning the hyperparameters of CF algorithms remains a difficult task even with developments in modeling consumers and products/services. This work explores an alternative approach for this aim by means of Bayesian optimization using Gaussian processes during hyperparameter altering. This method reduces the time and effort usually needed for manual tuning by autonomously adjusting hyperparameters for two basic and simple CF algorithms on three popular datasets, yielding competitive results: Netflix Prize, Movielens 1M, and Movielens 10M. Therefore, it could enable practitioners to improve the performance of their recommendation systems whilst greatly shortening the time and effort spent on tuning their systems. Tuấn Anh Nguyễn Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4711 This study evaluated the protective effects of acerola fruit juice against lead toxicity by examining the size of red blood cells in male albino mice. The mice were divided into 6 groups, including a control group, a lead-exposed group (70 mg/kg body weight), a vitamin C group (30 mg/kg body weight), and groups exposed to lead in combination with acerola fruit juice at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The results revealed that while lead exposure over four and eight weeks led to smaller mouse red blood cells, concurrent administration of acerola fruit juice, especially at 40 mg/kg, effectively maintained normal red blood cell size, counteracting lead's toxic effects. The present study suggests the potential protective effect of acerola fruit juice against lead-induced toxicity, and recommends further investigation to elucidate the underlying mechanism and explore its potential uses. Van Tri Truong Thi Thuy Duong Nguyen Hong Van Lu Thi Thuong Huyen Nguyen Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4703 Street vended foods are widely consumed because of its appealing taste, reasonable price, and convenience, but present a high risk of contamination with Staphylococcus aureus, one of the leading causes of food poisoning worldwide. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of S. aureus in 40 street food samples, their antibiotic resistant status, and their enterotoxigenic genes. The results showed that 12.5% of food samples were positive for S. aureus and 7.5% for Methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that 31/31 isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics, including penicillin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, clarithromycin, and tetracycline. Multidrug-resistant S. aureus accounted for 45.2% of all isolates. Enterotoxin genes, including sea and seb, were detected at low percentages. One strain (namely BTT6) derived from mixed rice paper was identified as Methicillin-resistant S. aureus with the seb gene. The results indicated that the tested street foods became a public health hazard because of a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus, especially multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Thị Minh Định Trần Thị Hiền Vũ Thị Minh Thư Nguyễn Thuý Phương Như Lê Như Hoa Nguyễn Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/5206 Several deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride are synthesized in this study via the conventional heating method. The obtained catalysts were characterized by the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds as indicated by FTIR spectra. The analysis of catalytic efficiency in xanthene synthesis showed that the catalyst based on choline chloride and FeCl3 is the most effective, with optimal conditions being a temperature of 80 °C, a reaction time of 2 hours, and a quantity of catalyst of 10% mol relative to benzaldehyde under solvent-free conditions. The yield of xanthene derivative synthesis lowered when the derivative of benzaldehyde bears different substituents, in comparison to when benzaldehyde is unsubstituted. Minh Nhat Nguyen Đức Dũng Phạm Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4970 We proved a Hardy-type inequality involving Dunkl operators associated with HI-potential components. The results of the paper extended those established in [11] by Ghoussoub and Moradifam. Duy Nguyễn Tuấn Van Phong Nguyen Thi Thu Hien Pham Van Bay Nguyen Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4706 Assessing student learning outcomes is a crucial component of university education, playing a vital role in ensuring and enhancing educational quality. This research focuses on developing a multiple-choice question (MCQ) bank for the course ‘Foundations of Mathematics in Elementary Education 1’ to support student assessment. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, and draws upon theoretical foundations of test construction and MCQ design. The question bank development follows a rigorous, five-step scientific process. Initially, 300 questions were created, of which 30 were piloted on a sample of 140 students. Preliminary results indicate positive outcomes, confirming the question bank's feasibility and effectiveness while highlighting areas for improvement. Recommendations include adjusting difficulty levels, enhancing question content quality, and expanding the pilot testing scope to ensure accuracy, objectivity, and effectiveness during implementation. Viet Khoa Nguyen Le Phan Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/5192 The present study investigated the species composition and spatial distribution of fish assemblages in the upper reaches of the Tien River in Dong Thap province. Samples were systematically collected at four fixed sites within the headwater basin from March to August 2025. A total of 86 species, representing 59 genera, 36 families and 14 orders, were recorded. Among these, members of the order Cypriniformes exhibited the greatest species richness (25 species, 29.07%), followed closely by Siluriformes (22 species, 25.58%). Species assemblages displayed marked seasonal shifts, with composition differing between the rainy season and the preceding dry period. Importantly, the survey documented a number of threatened taxa. Several rare species appear on the IUCN Red List (2025) and the Vietnam Red Data Book (2024), underscoring the conservation value of this riverine system. Furthermore, analysis of encounter rates revealed that most species had low to very low frequencies of occurrence, pointing to either naturally sparse populations or anthropogenically induced declines. Overall, these findings provide a baseline for biodiversity monitoring and resource management in the upper Tien River. They highlight the need for integrated conservation strategies that account for seasonal dynamics and protect vulnerable taxa. Continued monitoring is therefore recommended to detect long‐term trends and to inform adaptive management in the face of ongoing environmental change. Hữu Tài Nguyễn Tang Phuc Khang Luu PGS Xuan Tam Tong Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/5029 This study investigates differences in academic performance between students enrolled in education-related programs and those in non-education majors at Hanoi Metropolitan University during their first semester. The sample consists of 2,002 first-year students in the 2024–2025 academic year, including 765 students from education programs and 1,237 students from non-education fields. A quantitative approach was employed to compare the average academic results between the two groups. The findings indicate that education students achieved significantly higher average GPA scores (M = 3.2892, SD = 0.34409) compared to their non-education counterparts (M = 2.9728, SD = 0.41957), with the difference being statistically significant. Further analysis of score distribution and academic classification reveals that the proportion of students achieving excellent and very good grades is substantially higher in the education group, whereas the non-education group has a greater proportion of students in the average, weak, and poor categories. These results highlight distinct differences in academic foundation, motivation, and initial adaptability between the two student cohorts. The findings also underscore the need to revise and tailor academic support policies to meet the specific needs of each group. Thi Ha Giang Tran Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4491 The 2018 National Curriculum Program for Literature defines the purpose of teaching writing as “developing thinking and teaching how to write.” One of the writing skill requirements set by the Program at each grade level is “to write text according to the correct process.” This process consists of four steps: (1) Preparing to write, (2) Generating ideas and creating an outline, (3) Writing the draft, and (4) Reviewing and revising. However, in practical teaching, the step of Reviewing and Revising is often overlooked by both teachers and students, even though it is a crucial part of the writing process. To address this issue, we utilized the Track Changes feature (in Microsoft Word) to guide students in writing, aiming to help them effectively perform the review and revision of their drafts in both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects. An experimental study conducted in class 11AX at FPT High School (Can Tho) demonstrated the effectiveness of using Track Changes. Specifically, after each review and revision session, the quality of students’ writing improved, and they gained additional writing experience. Furthermore, through this process, teachers were able to assess the positive changes in students' development of writing skills. Keywords:Writing skills, teaching writing, Track Changes, Review and Revision Thanh Liêm Nguyễn Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4636 Liệu pháp nhận thức – hành vi (CBT) là một hướng tiếp cận phổ biến trong tham vấn, trị liệu tâm lý cho các cá nhân có rối nhiễu tâm lý hoặc rối loạn sức khỏe tâm thần. Đặc biệt, liệu pháp này được chứng minh có hiệu quả đối với cá nhân có xu hướng LGBT, nhóm đối tượng dễ bị tổn thương về tâm lý do phải đối mặt với các thách thức xã hội, sự kỳ thị, và các vấn đề cá nhân liên quan đến xu hướng tính dục hoặc bản dạng giới. Thông qua liệu pháp CBT, thân chủ có thể nhận thức và điều chỉnh các suy nghĩ, cảm xúc và hành vi tiêu cực, từ đó giảm thiểu các tổn thương tâm lý và cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống. Bài viết này tập trung vào các nghiên cứu lý luận và thực tiễn về việc áp dụng liệu pháp CBT trong tham vấn tâm lý cho người LGBT, đặc biệt là những người đã trải qua các vấn đề sức khỏe tâm thần như lo âu, trầm cảm, hoặc sang chấn tâm lý. Các khung lý thuyết và ứng dụng của liệu pháp trong bối cảnh hỗ trợ người LGBT sẽ được tổng hợp và giới thiệu nhằm xác định hướng nghiên cứu và mở rộng khả năng áp dụng liệu pháp này trong các xu hướng nghiên cứu và thực hành Tâm lý học tại Việt Nam. Thiên Vũ Giang Thanh Duy Trần Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4688 The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which management factors influence the outcomes of self-protection skills training for 5–6 years old kindergarten children in preschools. This analysis is based on a survey of 192 managers and teachers working in Hoc Mon District, Ho Chi Minh City. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The findings indicate a moderate positive correlation between five management factors: planning the training of self-protection skills, organizing plan implementation, directing plan implementation, monitoring plan implementation, and the outcomes of self-protection skills training for kindergarteners. Among these factors, planning and directing plan implementation exert the most significant influence on the training outcomes, ranked in order of impact from highest to lowest. Based on these findings, several solutions are proposed to enhance the effectiveness of training self-protection skills for 5–6 years old kindergarteners. Thống Nhất Dư Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4717 This study evaluates digital transformation (DT) at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Practice School, focusing on school management, teaching, learning, and infrastructure. Survey results indicate progress in adopting digital technologies but highlight challenges in data integration and digital learning resources. The widespread use of Learning Management Systems (LMS) has improved teaching, yet assessment methods require further diversification. The school meets basic infrastructure requirements, but additional investments in technology and teaching equipment are necessary. The school's DT level is approximately two-thirds according to Decision No. 4725/QĐ-BGDĐT on evaluating DT in educational institutions. Proposed solutions include upgrading infrastructure, teacher training, developing digital content, and building digital platforms to enhance parental involvement. Keywords: Digital transformation, School management, General education, educational technology. Thị Tú Nguyễn Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/4936 The developing higher education environment complicates classroom management; therefore, instructors and university heads need to work together more effectively. The study investigates the multiple responsibilities that university head students and instructors demonstrate to create effective teaching spaces. A qualitative research design helped collect data through semi-structured interviews with instructors and head students, while additional data came from questionnaires given to students. Among the strategies instructors employed for classroom management, two main approaches emerged: defining clear expectations for students and developing positive relationships with students. University head students actively supported learning environments through their role as bridge builders, along with their role as team members and inspirational examples for students. Results confirm that cooperative activities serve as vital factors that encourage student involvement and sustain educational quality standards. This research helps academics better grasp the mutual responsibilities in classrooms while demonstrating approaches for improving official systems that support classroom leadership. Thị Tuyết Hạnh Nguyễn Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/5110 Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) is a conceptual framework that explores the intersection of subject matter expertise, pedagogical strategies, and technology integration in teaching. This model has garnered significant attention in both academic and practical contexts, offering a comprehensive structure for evaluating and enhancing educators' ability to integrate technology effectively in modern classrooms. Despite its growing international application, the TPACK framework remains under-researched in the Vietnamese context. This study aims to investigate the TPACK of primary school teachers in Southern Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of 208 primary teachers. Employing latent class analysis, the results revealed a three-group classification: Class 1, representing the largest proportion, demonstrated moderate levels of TPACK; Class 2 exhibited low levels of TPACK, indicating an urgent need for targeted training and capacity-building; while Class 3 showed high levels of TPACK, suggesting strong readiness for technology integration in teaching. Demographic analysis further illuminated specific trends and professional development needs among these teacher groups. The findings provide valuable insights for designing differentiated training programs and policies to enhance TPACK in primary education Hung Le Duy Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/5173 This research aims to segment tourists based on their perceptions of regional tourism linkage in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. A 25-variable, six-dimensional questionnaire was survey-administered to 300 domestic tourists. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis based on Ward's method was used to distinguish between clusters of tourists. There were three perceptually distinct clusters: Supporters (30%), Neutrals (35%), and Skeptics (35%). Each group showed significantly different patterns of assessment in terms of infrastructure, policy coordination, cultural resources, and interprovincial cooperation. Visualization using dendrograms, heatmaps, and PCA plots supported both statistical and perceptual distinction between the clusters. The results highlight the heterogeneous nature of tourist attitudes towards regional tourism linkage. This paper makes a valuable contribution to the tourism literature by integrating perception-based segmentation in the framework of regional governance, thereby establishing a practical groundwork for destination managers to develop targeted regional strategies that echo tourists' experiential expectations. TS Phu Thang Nguyen Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9 https://journal.hcmue.edu.vn/index.php/hcmuejos/article/view/5187 This review synthesizes 29 studies from Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar to examine the development and validation of student engagement (SE) scales in higher education across three learning modalities. Employing a structured search with keywords such as “student engagement” and “development,” the study identifies a diverse range of SE constructs, including cognitive, behavioral, emotional, social, agentic, and social dimensions. Analysis reveals variability in item counts (9-100 items, with an exception of three items) and factor structures (3-9 factors, with an exception of 1 factor), with original scales (e.g., USEI, OSE) providing foundational frameworks and adapted versions (e.g., I-HESES, A-USEI) tailoring these to cultural or modal contexts. Despite robust psychometric properties, limitations include self-report bias and limited cross-cultural invariance, suggesting a need for more comprehensive models and longitudinal validation to enhance SE measurement. Dr Vu Hung Dang Associate Professor Huong Thi Pham Associate Professor Cuong Huu Pham Copyright (c) 2025 HCMUE Journal of Science 22 9