USING SOFT POWER IN U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN THE ASIA – PACIFIC REGION IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY (2001-2020)
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article explains why the United States chose Asia – Pacific to use soft power in foreign policy as well as shows how to deploy U.S. soft power in the region in the early 21st century through the promotion of democratic values, human rights, cultural exchange, education, and building public diplomacy. The study results show that the United States has learned to take advantage of the relationship that comes from history, always focuses on openness and diversity, increases strength by expanding cooperation with countries as well as smoothly operates cultural and educational promotion activities in the implementation of soft power. In the future, multilateral soft power competition, internal challenges, and new technologies are perhaps whatthe U.S. should focus on to deploy soft power.
Keywords
21st century, Asia – Pacific, soft power, U.S. foreign policy
Article Details
References
Barry, J. (2003). Dissent in the Bunker. Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/dissent–bunker–132145
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. (2017). Performance Measurement Initiative – 2016 Annual Report – Regional Summary: Global. Retrieved from https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/2016_annual_report_global_summary_0.pdf
Clark, W. K. (2003). Winning Modern Wars: Iraq, Terrorism, and the American Empire. New York: Public Affairs.
Clinton, H. (2011). America’s Pacific Century. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas–pacific–century/
Gallarotti, G. M. & Al–Filali, I. Y. (2012). The Soft Power of Saudi Arabia. International Studies, 49(3&4). DOI: 10.1177/002088171453270.
Ha, K. N. (2021). Kinh nghiem ngoai giao van hoa cua Mi va bai hoc doi voi Viet Nam [Cultural diplomacy experience of the US and lessons for Vietnam]. Retrieved from https://baoquocte.vn/kinh–nghiem–ngoai–giao–van–hoa–cua–my–va–bai–hoc–doi–voi–viet–nam–167592.html
Hoang, K. N. (2011). Quyen luc trong quan he quoc te [Power in international relations]. Hanoi: Cultural & Information Publishing House.
Hoang Linh. (2020). Tang toc chuyen doi so chau A – Thai Binh Duong voi suc manh tong hop [Accelerate Asia–Pacific digital transformation with synergy]. Retrieved from https://ictvietnam.vn/tang–toc–chuyen–doi–so–chau–a–thai–binh–duong–voi–suc–manh–cong–nghe–tong–hop–20200926152900048.htm
Holguin, J. (2003). Soft Power and Hard Power. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/soft–power–and–hard–power/
Huu Duong. (2021). Hai muoi nam di qua, nuoc Mi van chua an toan hon [Twenty years on, America is still not safe]. Retrieved from https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc–te/binh–luan/hai–muoi–nam–di–qua–nuoc–my–van–chua–an–toan–hon–671004
Lan Phuong. (2020). Viet Nam trong top 20 nuoc co so nguoi su dung Internet cao nhat the gioi [Vietnam is in the top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users in the world]. Retrieved from https://ictvietnam.vn/viet–nam–trong–top–20–nuoc–co–so–nguoi–su–dung–internet–cao–nhat–the–gioi–20201215205939618.htm
Lee, S. W. (2011). The Theory and Reality of Soft Power: Practical Approaches in East Asia. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Luu, T. H. (2015). Ngoai giao da phuong trong he thong quan he quoc te duong dai [Multilateral diplomacy in contemporary international relations system]. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
Nguyen, T. Y. H., & Ta, M. T. (2011). Cac van de nghien cuu ve Hoa Ki [Research issues about the United States]. Hanoi: Vietnam Education Publishing House.
Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
Phuc Long. (2017). Nguoi chau A se la nhom dan nhap cu lon nhat o Mi [Asians will be the largest immigrant group in the US]. Retrieved from https://tuoitre.vn/nguoi–chau–a–se–la–nhom–dan–nhap–cu–lon–nhat–o–my–20170917180004515.htm
Ross, C. (2002). Public diplomacy comes of age. The Washington Quarterly, 25:2, 75-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/01636600252820144
Rothkopf, D. (1997). In praise of Cultural Imperialism. Foreign Policy, No.107, p.38-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1149331
U. S. Department of State (2009). 2009 Human Rights Report: Burma. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/07/burma_2.pdf
United Nations Development Programme. (2016). Bao cao Phat trien con nguoi khu vuc chau A – Thai Binh Duong – Dinh hinh tuong lai: Nhan khau hoc thay doi co the la dong luc cho phat trien con nguoi nhu the nao [Asia – Pacific human development report – Shaping the future: How changing demographics can power human development]. Retrieved from https://www.vn.undp.org/content/dam/vietnam/docs/Publications/HDR%202016%20Overview%20interior%202%20–%20Vietnamese.pdf
United States Agency for International Development. (2017). USAID Education Fact Sheet 2011-2015. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/USAID_Education_FactSheet_8.24.17.pdf
United States Agency for International Development. (2022). What we do. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/what–we–do
Vu Ha, & Thanh Binh (2011). Vai tro cua Viet Nam trong khu vuc chau A – Thai Binh Duong. [Vietnam’s role in the Asia–Pacific region]. Retrieved from https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/hoat–ong–cua–lanh–ao–ang–nha–nuoc/–/2018/1552/vai–tro–cua–viet–nam–trong–khu–vuc–chau–a–––thai–binh–duong.aspx
Wattenberg, B. (1991). The First Universal Nation. New York: Free Press.
White House. (2011). Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Gillard of Australia in Joint Press Conference. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2011/11/16/remarks–president–obama–and–prime–minister–gillard–australia–joint–press
White House. (2012a). Remarks by National Security Advisor Tom Donilon - As Prepared for Delivery. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2012/11/15/remarks–national–security–advisor–tom–donilon–prepared–delivery
White House. (2012b). Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Shinawatra in a Joint Press Conference. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2012/11/18/remarks–president–obama–and–prime–minister–shinawatra–joint–press–confer
White House. (2015). Fact Sheet: U. S.–ASEAN Relations. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2015/11/21/fact–sheet–us–asean–relations
White House (2016). Fact Sheet: U. S.–India Economic Cooperation and People–to–People Ties. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2016/06/07/fact–sheet–us–india–economic–cooperation–and–people–people–ties
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. (2017). Performance Measurement Initiative – 2016 Annual Report – Regional Summary: Global. Retrieved from https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/2016_annual_report_global_summary_0.pdf
Clark, W. K. (2003). Winning Modern Wars: Iraq, Terrorism, and the American Empire. New York: Public Affairs.
Clinton, H. (2011). America’s Pacific Century. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas–pacific–century/
Gallarotti, G. M. & Al–Filali, I. Y. (2012). The Soft Power of Saudi Arabia. International Studies, 49(3&4). DOI: 10.1177/002088171453270.
Ha, K. N. (2021). Kinh nghiem ngoai giao van hoa cua Mi va bai hoc doi voi Viet Nam [Cultural diplomacy experience of the US and lessons for Vietnam]. Retrieved from https://baoquocte.vn/kinh–nghiem–ngoai–giao–van–hoa–cua–my–va–bai–hoc–doi–voi–viet–nam–167592.html
Hoang, K. N. (2011). Quyen luc trong quan he quoc te [Power in international relations]. Hanoi: Cultural & Information Publishing House.
Hoang Linh. (2020). Tang toc chuyen doi so chau A – Thai Binh Duong voi suc manh tong hop [Accelerate Asia–Pacific digital transformation with synergy]. Retrieved from https://ictvietnam.vn/tang–toc–chuyen–doi–so–chau–a–thai–binh–duong–voi–suc–manh–cong–nghe–tong–hop–20200926152900048.htm
Holguin, J. (2003). Soft Power and Hard Power. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/soft–power–and–hard–power/
Huu Duong. (2021). Hai muoi nam di qua, nuoc Mi van chua an toan hon [Twenty years on, America is still not safe]. Retrieved from https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc–te/binh–luan/hai–muoi–nam–di–qua–nuoc–my–van–chua–an–toan–hon–671004
Lan Phuong. (2020). Viet Nam trong top 20 nuoc co so nguoi su dung Internet cao nhat the gioi [Vietnam is in the top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users in the world]. Retrieved from https://ictvietnam.vn/viet–nam–trong–top–20–nuoc–co–so–nguoi–su–dung–internet–cao–nhat–the–gioi–20201215205939618.htm
Lee, S. W. (2011). The Theory and Reality of Soft Power: Practical Approaches in East Asia. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Luu, T. H. (2015). Ngoai giao da phuong trong he thong quan he quoc te duong dai [Multilateral diplomacy in contemporary international relations system]. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
Nguyen, T. Y. H., & Ta, M. T. (2011). Cac van de nghien cuu ve Hoa Ki [Research issues about the United States]. Hanoi: Vietnam Education Publishing House.
Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
Phuc Long. (2017). Nguoi chau A se la nhom dan nhap cu lon nhat o Mi [Asians will be the largest immigrant group in the US]. Retrieved from https://tuoitre.vn/nguoi–chau–a–se–la–nhom–dan–nhap–cu–lon–nhat–o–my–20170917180004515.htm
Ross, C. (2002). Public diplomacy comes of age. The Washington Quarterly, 25:2, 75-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/01636600252820144
Rothkopf, D. (1997). In praise of Cultural Imperialism. Foreign Policy, No.107, p.38-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1149331
U. S. Department of State (2009). 2009 Human Rights Report: Burma. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/07/burma_2.pdf
United Nations Development Programme. (2016). Bao cao Phat trien con nguoi khu vuc chau A – Thai Binh Duong – Dinh hinh tuong lai: Nhan khau hoc thay doi co the la dong luc cho phat trien con nguoi nhu the nao [Asia – Pacific human development report – Shaping the future: How changing demographics can power human development]. Retrieved from https://www.vn.undp.org/content/dam/vietnam/docs/Publications/HDR%202016%20Overview%20interior%202%20–%20Vietnamese.pdf
United States Agency for International Development. (2017). USAID Education Fact Sheet 2011-2015. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/USAID_Education_FactSheet_8.24.17.pdf
United States Agency for International Development. (2022). What we do. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/what–we–do
Vu Ha, & Thanh Binh (2011). Vai tro cua Viet Nam trong khu vuc chau A – Thai Binh Duong. [Vietnam’s role in the Asia–Pacific region]. Retrieved from https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/hoat–ong–cua–lanh–ao–ang–nha–nuoc/–/2018/1552/vai–tro–cua–viet–nam–trong–khu–vuc–chau–a–––thai–binh–duong.aspx
Wattenberg, B. (1991). The First Universal Nation. New York: Free Press.
White House. (2011). Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Gillard of Australia in Joint Press Conference. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2011/11/16/remarks–president–obama–and–prime–minister–gillard–australia–joint–press
White House. (2012a). Remarks by National Security Advisor Tom Donilon - As Prepared for Delivery. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2012/11/15/remarks–national–security–advisor–tom–donilon–prepared–delivery
White House. (2012b). Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Shinawatra in a Joint Press Conference. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2012/11/18/remarks–president–obama–and–prime–minister–shinawatra–joint–press–confer
White House. (2015). Fact Sheet: U. S.–ASEAN Relations. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2015/11/21/fact–sheet–us–asean–relations
White House (2016). Fact Sheet: U. S.–India Economic Cooperation and People–to–People Ties. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the–press–office/2016/06/07/fact–sheet–us–india–economic–cooperation–and–people–people–ties