DATING OF THE WHITE STONE CITADEL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE USING IMPROVED THERMOLUMINESENCE TECHNIQUE ON LATERITES
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of luminescence-based dating techniques applied to ancient brick- and stone-built architectures, highlighting key challenges associated with these methods. We introduce our recently improved thermoluminescence (TL) technique as an optimal solution for dating heterogeneous, multilayered, and overlapping structures, offering higher reliability compared to traditional TL methods. Additionally, we discuss the historical and archaeological significance of the White Stone Citadel, a rare ancient structure in Southern Vietnam. This site may hold valuable insights into the history and culture of the southern region, making it an ideal case study for the application of our improved TL technique. Preliminary analyses of sample compositions, along with the standardization of gamma and beta doses, are also presented. Final dating results will be reported around the end of 2024.
Keywords
Chronology of ancient architecture, improved thermoluminesence technique, laterites, White Stone Citadel archaeological site
Article Details
References
Abeyratne, M. (1994). TL dating of Sri Lankan archaeological sites. Quaternary Science Reviews 13, 585-588.
Aitken, M. J. (1985). Thermoluminescence Dating. Academic.
Anderson, E.C., Libby, W.F., Weinhouse, S., Reid, A.F., Kirshenbaum, A.D., & Grosse, A.V. (1947). Radiocarbon from cosmic radiation. Science, 105, 576-577.
Ba Ria – Vung Tau museum (2009). Di tich Vong Thanh Da Trang - (Phan 1) [Whitestone cidatel archaeological site: Part 1]. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://www.baotangbrvt.org.vn/di-tich-vong-thanh-da-trang-phan-1/ (Accessed date:).
Ba Ria – Vung Tau museum (2022). Bao cao dieu tra khao sat khao co hoc tren dia ban Ba Ria - Vung Tau nam 2002 [Report on archaeological survey at Ba Ria – Vung Tau in 2022].
Bacci, C., Bernardini, P., Furetta, C., Rispoli, B., Sanipoli, C., Scacco, A., Carafa, P., Carandini, A., & Esposito, A. (1990). The Via Nova-Via Sacra archaic site on Palatino Hill: thermoluminescence archaeometric results. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 34, 61-64.
Benko, L., Horvath, F., Horvatincic, N., & Obelic, B. (1989). Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating of prehistoric sites in Hungary and Yugoslavia. Radiocarbon, 31, 992-1002.
Chaloupka, G. (1993). Journey in Time: the 50,000-year Story of the Australian Aboriginal Rock Art of Arnhem Land. Reed New Holland, Sydney.
Daniels, F., Boyd, C. A., & Saunders, D. F. (1953). Thermoluminescence as a research tool. Science, 117, 343-349.
Dunnell, R. C., & Feathers, J. K. (1994). Thermoluminescence dating of surcial archaeological material. In C. Beck (Ed.), Dating in Exposed and Surface Contexts (pp.115-137). University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Erlach, R., & Vana, N. (1988). TL-dating of archaeological samples from Carnuntum. International Journal of Radiation and Applications in Instrumentation D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 14, 295-298.
Feathers, J. K. (1997). The application of luminescence dating in American archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 4, 1-66.
Giang, N. (2023). Nghe tieng ngan xua vong ve (*): Phat lo cang thi co vung Dong Nam Bo [Ancient voice echo: revealing an ancient port site in Southern Vietnam]. Nguoi Lao Dong Press. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://nld.com.vn/thoi-su/nghe-tieng-ngan-xua-vong-ve-phat-lo-cang-thi-co-vung-dong-nam-bo-20230327211056917.htm.
Hanh, H. K., Thach, V. T., Viet, V. Q., Dung, P. T., Quang, V. X., Thanh, N. T., Ha, V. T., Martini, M., & Sibilia, E. (2006). Nghien cuu tinh tuoi khao co bang phuong phap nhiet phat quang tai di san van hoa My Son, Viet Nam [Application of thermoluminesence dating technique to My Son archaeological site in Vietnam]. Proceedings of The VI National Conference on Physics (pp. 192-195). Science and Technology Publisher.
Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I., & Thewalt, M. L. W. (1985). Optical dating of sediments. Nature, 313, 105-107.
Khiem, D. D., Tuyen, L. A., Phuc, P. T., Hue, N. T. N., Hai, H. Q., Nguyen, L. L., & Hue, P. T. N. (2016). Application of thermoluminescence dating on pressed crystalline samples to determine the geological age at some areas in Southeast, Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Journal of Science, 3, 144-157.
Kien, N. K. T., Yamagata, M., & Kubo, S. (2022). Gop phan xac dinh nien dai khu di tich khao co hoc Oc Eo - Ba The qua cac ket qua phan tich moi [Contribution to dating of Oc Eo - Ba The archaeological site using newly analytical results]. Vietnam Journal of Archaeology, 6, 12.
Liritzis, I. (1994). A new dating method by thermoluminescence of carved megalithic stone building. Comptes Rendus de L'Académie des Sciences. Paris, 319 (Série II), 603-610.
Liritzis, I., Guibert, P., Foti, F., & Schvoerer, M. (1997). The temple of Apollo (Delphi) strengthens novel thermoluminescence dating method. Geoarchaeology, 12, 479-496.
Liritzis, Y., & Thomas, R. (1980). Palaeointensity and thermoluminescence measurements on Cretan kilns from 1300 to 2000 BC. Nature, 283, 54-55.
Long, N. (2022). Vong Thanh Da Trang la di tich thanh co Nam Bo duy nhat con hien huu tren thuc dia [Whitestone cidatel is an uniquely ancient cidatel existed in Southern Vietnam]. Thanh Nien Press. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://thanhnien.vn/vong-thanh-da-trang-la-di-tich-thanh-co-nam-bo-duy-nhat-con-hien-huu-tren-thuc-dia-1851450257.htm
Lu, Y., Zhang, J., Xie, J., & Wang, X. (1988). TL dating of pottery sherds and baked soil from the Xian Terracotta Army site, Shaanxi Province, China. International Journal of Radiation and Applications in Instrumentation D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 14, 283-286.
Mien, N. Q., Phon, L. K., Huong, P. L., Liem, N. Q., Dung, N. T. K., Loat, B. V., & Lam L. C. L. (2008). Nghien cuu xac dinh tuoi mau gom co Viet Nam bang phuong phap nhiet phat quang [Dating of Vietnam ancient ceramics by themoluminesence dating technique]. Research project of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
Moropoulou, A., Zacharias, N., Delegou, E.T., Apostolopoulou, M., Palamara, E., & Kolaiti, A. (2018). OSL mortar dating to elucidate the construction history of the Tomb Chamber of the Holy Aedicule of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 80-91.
Nikos, Z., Christodoulos, M., Olga, P. H., Anno, H., & Yannis, B. (2006). Fine-grain TL dating of archaeometallurgical furnace walls. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 7, 23-29.
Phuc, P. T., Hue, N. T. N., Hue, P. T., Anh, T. T., Kien, N. K. T., Son, L. T., Nguyen, L. L., Xuan, T. D., Phuc, V. D., Long, N. H., Tiep, N. V., Vu, C. D., Thiem, L. N., Quynh, N. N., Kiet, H. A. T., Hung, N. Q., & Tuyen, A. L. (2023). Improved thermoluminescence dating for heterogeneous, multilayered, and overlapped architectures: a case study with the Oc Eo archaeological site in Vietnam, Journal of Archaeological Science, 155, Article 105800.
Rink, W. J., Rhodes, E. J., & Grün, R. (1994). Thermoluminescence from Igneous and Natural Hydrothermal Quartz: Dose Response after Optical Bleaching. Radiation Measurements 23,159-173.
Robertson, G. B., & Prescott, J. R. (1988). The Thai ceramics archaeological project: TL characteristics of the artifacts. International Journal of Radiation and Applications in Instrumentation D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 14, 299-305.
Theocaris, P. S., Liritzis, I., & Galloway, R. B. (1997). Dating of two Hellenic pyramids by a novel application of thermoluminescence. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24, 399-405.
Vichaidid, T., & Danworaphong, S. (2021). Dating the historical old city walls of Songkhla Thailand using thermoluminescence technique. Heliyon, 7, e06166.
Won-in, K., Wattanakul P., Dararutana P., Pongkrapan S., Takashima I., Ruangrunsri N., & Singharajwarapan F. S. (2008). Preliminary study of the age of the Lanna period by Thermoluminescence dating: A case study from the Wiang Kaen Ancient Site, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand. In Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy, Proceedings of the International Conference. Sofia: St. Ivan Rilski 2008.
Aitken, M. J. (1985). Thermoluminescence Dating. Academic.
Anderson, E.C., Libby, W.F., Weinhouse, S., Reid, A.F., Kirshenbaum, A.D., & Grosse, A.V. (1947). Radiocarbon from cosmic radiation. Science, 105, 576-577.
Ba Ria – Vung Tau museum (2009). Di tich Vong Thanh Da Trang - (Phan 1) [Whitestone cidatel archaeological site: Part 1]. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://www.baotangbrvt.org.vn/di-tich-vong-thanh-da-trang-phan-1/ (Accessed date:).
Ba Ria – Vung Tau museum (2022). Bao cao dieu tra khao sat khao co hoc tren dia ban Ba Ria - Vung Tau nam 2002 [Report on archaeological survey at Ba Ria – Vung Tau in 2022].
Bacci, C., Bernardini, P., Furetta, C., Rispoli, B., Sanipoli, C., Scacco, A., Carafa, P., Carandini, A., & Esposito, A. (1990). The Via Nova-Via Sacra archaic site on Palatino Hill: thermoluminescence archaeometric results. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 34, 61-64.
Benko, L., Horvath, F., Horvatincic, N., & Obelic, B. (1989). Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating of prehistoric sites in Hungary and Yugoslavia. Radiocarbon, 31, 992-1002.
Chaloupka, G. (1993). Journey in Time: the 50,000-year Story of the Australian Aboriginal Rock Art of Arnhem Land. Reed New Holland, Sydney.
Daniels, F., Boyd, C. A., & Saunders, D. F. (1953). Thermoluminescence as a research tool. Science, 117, 343-349.
Dunnell, R. C., & Feathers, J. K. (1994). Thermoluminescence dating of surcial archaeological material. In C. Beck (Ed.), Dating in Exposed and Surface Contexts (pp.115-137). University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Erlach, R., & Vana, N. (1988). TL-dating of archaeological samples from Carnuntum. International Journal of Radiation and Applications in Instrumentation D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 14, 295-298.
Feathers, J. K. (1997). The application of luminescence dating in American archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 4, 1-66.
Giang, N. (2023). Nghe tieng ngan xua vong ve (*): Phat lo cang thi co vung Dong Nam Bo [Ancient voice echo: revealing an ancient port site in Southern Vietnam]. Nguoi Lao Dong Press. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://nld.com.vn/thoi-su/nghe-tieng-ngan-xua-vong-ve-phat-lo-cang-thi-co-vung-dong-nam-bo-20230327211056917.htm.
Hanh, H. K., Thach, V. T., Viet, V. Q., Dung, P. T., Quang, V. X., Thanh, N. T., Ha, V. T., Martini, M., & Sibilia, E. (2006). Nghien cuu tinh tuoi khao co bang phuong phap nhiet phat quang tai di san van hoa My Son, Viet Nam [Application of thermoluminesence dating technique to My Son archaeological site in Vietnam]. Proceedings of The VI National Conference on Physics (pp. 192-195). Science and Technology Publisher.
Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I., & Thewalt, M. L. W. (1985). Optical dating of sediments. Nature, 313, 105-107.
Khiem, D. D., Tuyen, L. A., Phuc, P. T., Hue, N. T. N., Hai, H. Q., Nguyen, L. L., & Hue, P. T. N. (2016). Application of thermoluminescence dating on pressed crystalline samples to determine the geological age at some areas in Southeast, Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Journal of Science, 3, 144-157.
Kien, N. K. T., Yamagata, M., & Kubo, S. (2022). Gop phan xac dinh nien dai khu di tich khao co hoc Oc Eo - Ba The qua cac ket qua phan tich moi [Contribution to dating of Oc Eo - Ba The archaeological site using newly analytical results]. Vietnam Journal of Archaeology, 6, 12.
Liritzis, I. (1994). A new dating method by thermoluminescence of carved megalithic stone building. Comptes Rendus de L'Académie des Sciences. Paris, 319 (Série II), 603-610.
Liritzis, I., Guibert, P., Foti, F., & Schvoerer, M. (1997). The temple of Apollo (Delphi) strengthens novel thermoluminescence dating method. Geoarchaeology, 12, 479-496.
Liritzis, Y., & Thomas, R. (1980). Palaeointensity and thermoluminescence measurements on Cretan kilns from 1300 to 2000 BC. Nature, 283, 54-55.
Long, N. (2022). Vong Thanh Da Trang la di tich thanh co Nam Bo duy nhat con hien huu tren thuc dia [Whitestone cidatel is an uniquely ancient cidatel existed in Southern Vietnam]. Thanh Nien Press. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://thanhnien.vn/vong-thanh-da-trang-la-di-tich-thanh-co-nam-bo-duy-nhat-con-hien-huu-tren-thuc-dia-1851450257.htm
Lu, Y., Zhang, J., Xie, J., & Wang, X. (1988). TL dating of pottery sherds and baked soil from the Xian Terracotta Army site, Shaanxi Province, China. International Journal of Radiation and Applications in Instrumentation D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 14, 283-286.
Mien, N. Q., Phon, L. K., Huong, P. L., Liem, N. Q., Dung, N. T. K., Loat, B. V., & Lam L. C. L. (2008). Nghien cuu xac dinh tuoi mau gom co Viet Nam bang phuong phap nhiet phat quang [Dating of Vietnam ancient ceramics by themoluminesence dating technique]. Research project of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
Moropoulou, A., Zacharias, N., Delegou, E.T., Apostolopoulou, M., Palamara, E., & Kolaiti, A. (2018). OSL mortar dating to elucidate the construction history of the Tomb Chamber of the Holy Aedicule of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 80-91.
Nikos, Z., Christodoulos, M., Olga, P. H., Anno, H., & Yannis, B. (2006). Fine-grain TL dating of archaeometallurgical furnace walls. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 7, 23-29.
Phuc, P. T., Hue, N. T. N., Hue, P. T., Anh, T. T., Kien, N. K. T., Son, L. T., Nguyen, L. L., Xuan, T. D., Phuc, V. D., Long, N. H., Tiep, N. V., Vu, C. D., Thiem, L. N., Quynh, N. N., Kiet, H. A. T., Hung, N. Q., & Tuyen, A. L. (2023). Improved thermoluminescence dating for heterogeneous, multilayered, and overlapped architectures: a case study with the Oc Eo archaeological site in Vietnam, Journal of Archaeological Science, 155, Article 105800.
Rink, W. J., Rhodes, E. J., & Grün, R. (1994). Thermoluminescence from Igneous and Natural Hydrothermal Quartz: Dose Response after Optical Bleaching. Radiation Measurements 23,159-173.
Robertson, G. B., & Prescott, J. R. (1988). The Thai ceramics archaeological project: TL characteristics of the artifacts. International Journal of Radiation and Applications in Instrumentation D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 14, 299-305.
Theocaris, P. S., Liritzis, I., & Galloway, R. B. (1997). Dating of two Hellenic pyramids by a novel application of thermoluminescence. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24, 399-405.
Vichaidid, T., & Danworaphong, S. (2021). Dating the historical old city walls of Songkhla Thailand using thermoluminescence technique. Heliyon, 7, e06166.
Won-in, K., Wattanakul P., Dararutana P., Pongkrapan S., Takashima I., Ruangrunsri N., & Singharajwarapan F. S. (2008). Preliminary study of the age of the Lanna period by Thermoluminescence dating: A case study from the Wiang Kaen Ancient Site, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand. In Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy, Proceedings of the International Conference. Sofia: St. Ivan Rilski 2008.