HISTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF MALE PAPAYA FLOWERS (Carica papaya L.) DECOCTION ON THE DUODENUM OF DIABETIC MICE INDUCED BY STREPTOZOTOCIN-NICOTINAMIDE
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Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of male papaya flower decoction on the histological structure of the duodenum in female albino mice with diabetes induced by Streptozotocin combined with Nicotinamide. The study st included a control group, an untreated diabetic group, a diabetic group treated with Metformin and with the decoction at doses of 12.4 mg/mL and 22.22 mg/mL, and a non-diabetic group receiving the decoction at 12,4 mg/mL. Histological analysis revealed that the untreated diabetic mice exhibited severe duodenal damage, including mucosal erosion, necrosis, hemorrhage, and significant thinning of the intestinal wall. In contrast, treatment groups—particularly those receiving the 22.22 mg/mL decoction—showed substantial restoration of normal histoarchitecture and increased duodenal wall thickness, comparable to the Metformin-treated group. These findings suggest the potential of male papaya flower decoction as a supportive therapeutic agent for duodenal injury associated with diabetes. Further studies are recommended to elucidate its mechanism of action and assess long-term safety for potential application in managing diabetic enteropathy.
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References
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Brandt, A., Hernández-Arriaga, A., Kehm, R., Sánchez, V., Jin, C. J., Nier, A., Baumann, A., Camarinha-Silva, A., & Bergheim, I. (2019). Metformin attenuates the onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and affects intestinal microbiota and barrier in small intestine. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 6668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43228-0
Chen, B., Jia, Y., Lu, D., & Sun, Z. (2021). Acute glucose fluctuation promotes in vitro intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation via the NOX4/ROS/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22(1), 688. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10120
Cruz, P. L., Moraes-Silva, I. C., Ribeiro, A. A., Machi, J. F., de Melo, M. D. T., Dos Santos, F., da Silva, M. B., Strunz, C. M. C., Caldini, E. G., & Irigoyen, M.-C. (2021). Nicotinamide attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetes complications and increases survival rate in rats: Role of autonomic nervous system. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 21(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00795-6
Daryabor, G., Atashzar, M. R., Kabelitz, D., Meri, S., & Kalantar, K. (2020). The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1582. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01582
Du, Y. T., Rayner, C. K., Jones, K. L., Talley, N. J., & Horowitz, M. (2018). Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Diabetes: Prevalence, Assessment, Pathogenesis, and Management. Diabetes Care, 41(3), 627–637. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1536
Feyisayo, A. K., & Durojaye, A. M. (2018). Anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of Carica papaya and Citrullus lanatus seeds. Ife Journal of Science, 20(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v20i2.1
Juárez-Rojop, I. E., Díaz-Zagoya, J. C., Ble-Castillo, J. L., Miranda-Osorio, P. H., Castell-Rodríguez, A. E., Tovilla-Zárate, C. A., Rodríguez-Hernández, A., Aguilar-Mariscal, H., Ramón-Frías, T., & Bermúdez-Ocaña, D. Y. (2012). Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 236. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-236
Min, X., Yu, T., Qing, Q., Yuan, Y., Zhong, W., Chen, G., Zhao, L., Deng, N., Zhang, L., & Chen, Q. (2014). Abnormal differentiation of intestinal epithelium and intestinal barrier dysfunction in diabetic mice associated with depressed Notch/NICD transduction in Notch/Hes1 signal pathway. Cell Biology International, 38(10), 1194–1204. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbin.10323
Nakamura, T., Terajima, T., Ogata, T., Ueno, K., Hashimoto, N., Ono, K., & Yano, S. (2006). Establishment and pathophysiological characterization of type 2 diabetic mouse model produced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29(6), 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1167
Napolitano, A., Miller, S., Nicholls, A. W., Baker, D., Van Horn, S., Thomas, E., Rajpal, D., Spivak, A., Brown, J. R., & Nunez, D. J. (2014). Novel Gut-Based Pharmacology of Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e100778. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100778
Nguyen, M.-N. T., & Ho-Huynh, T.-D. (2016). Selective cytotoxicity of a Vietnamese traditional formula, Nam Dia long, against MCF-7 cells by synergistic effects. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1212-z
Pegah, A., Abbasi-Oshaghi, E., Khodadadi, I., Mirzaei, F., & Tayebinia, H. (2021). Probiotic and resveratrol normalize GLP-1 levels and oxidative stress in the intestine of diabetic rats. Metabolism Open, 10, 100093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2021.100093
Qin, J., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Li, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., Liang, S., Zhang, W., Guan, Y., Shen, D., Peng, Y., Zhang, D., Jie, Z., Wu, W., Qin, Y., Xue, W., Li, J., Han, L., Lu, D., … Wang, J. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 490(7418), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11450
Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Basit, A., Chan, J. C. N., Mbanya, J. C., Pavkov, M. E., Ramachandaran, A., Wild, S. H., James, S., Herman, W. H., Zhang, P., Bommer, C., Kuo, S., Boyko, E. J., & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119
Thuận L. Đ., Dương Đ. T. T., Xuân N. T. T., Thy L. T. A., Tùng N. V. T., Trang H. T. H., Long P. H. P., & Phước T. H. (2013). Xây dựng mô hình chuột tiểu đường và khảo sát hiệu quả hạ đường huyết của cây Hoàng Liên (Copis teeta Wall) trên mô hình động vật. Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Mở Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh - kỹ thuật và công nghệ, 8(1), 62–69.
Wegeberg, A.-M., & Brock, C. (2024). Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Medicine, 52(5), 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2024.02.013