MỐI LIÊN HỆ GIỮA CHỦ NGHĨA HOÀN HẢO VÀ KIỆT SỨC LÀM CHA MẸ TRÊN BÌNH DIỆN LÝ LUẬN
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Bài viết này tập trung làm rõ mối liên hệ giữa chủ nghĩa hoàn hảo (CNHH) và kiệt sức làm cha mẹ (KSLCM) trên bình diện lý luận. CNHH được tiếp cận theo cấu trúc đa chiều đặc trưng bởi việc đặt ra tiêu chuẩn rất cao đi kèm với xu hướng tự đánh giá khắt khe. Nghiên cứu lựa chọn mô hình của Frost và cộng sự (1990), sử dụng phiên bản FMPS đã được điều chỉnh theo đề xuất của Stoeber (1998), bao gồm 4 chiều kích: (1) Lo lắng về sai sót và nghi ngờ về hành động; (2) Kỳ vọng và chỉ trích của cha mẹ; (3) Tiêu chuẩn cá nhân; và (4) Tính tổ chức. Đồng thời, KSLCM được tiếp cận là một hội chứng tâm lý căng thẳng mãn tính trong vai trò làm cha mẹ được biểu hiện qua bốn phương diện theo Roskam và cộng sự (2018), bao gồm: kiệt quệ trong vai trò làm cha mẹ; sự tương phản với hình ảnh làm cha mẹ trước đây; cảm giác chán ngán với vai trò làm cha mẹ; và sự xa cách về mặt cảm xúc với con cái. Nghiên cứu lý luận cho thấy CNHH được xác định là một yếu tố nguy cơ quan trọng, có mối tương quan thuận chiều với KSLCM, mối liên hệ này được lý giải thông qua các cơ chế trung gian và điều tiết. Dưới góc độ lý thuyết cân bằng giữa rủi ro và nguồn lực CNHH góp phần làm gia tăng áp lực tâm lý và suy giảm nguồn lực cá nhân, từ đó dẫn đến nguy cơ kiệt sức. Kết quả nghiên cứu góp phần làm rõ mối liên hệ giữa CNHH và KSLCM trên bình diện lý luận.
Từ khóa
chủ nghĩa hoàn hảo, kiệt sức làm cha mẹ, mối liên hệ giữa chủ nghĩa hoàn hảo và kiệt sức làm cha mẹ, lý luận.
Chi tiết bài viết
Tài liệu tham khảo
Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 14(6), 34-52.
Carmo, C., Oliveira, D., Brás, M., & Faísca, L. (2021). The Influence of Parental Perfectionism and Parenting Styles on Child Perfectionism. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 8(9), 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090777
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
Gaudreau, P. (2018). On the Distinction Between Personal Standards Perfectionism and Excellencism: A Theory Elaboration and Research Agenda. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 197-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618797940 (Original work published 2019)
Gaudreau, P. (2021). Separating the core definitional feature and the signature expressions of dispositional perfectionism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Personality and Individual Differences, 181, Article 110975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110975
Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6(2), 94-103.
Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology, 15(1), 27-33.
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of social issues, 30(1), 159-165.
Kawamoto, T., & Furutani, K. (2018). The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationships between perfectionism dimensions and psychological adjustment/maladjustment among mothers. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.008.
Le Vigouroux, S., Scola, C., Raes, M.-E., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2017). The big five personality traits and parental burnout: Protective and risk factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 216–219.
Lin, G.-X., Szczygiel, D., Hansotte, L., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2021). Aiming to be perfect parents increase the risk of parental burnout, but emotional competence mitigates it. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01509-w
Lin, G.-X., & Szczygieł, D. (2022a). Perfectionistic parents are burnt out by hiding emotions from their children, but this effect is attenuated by emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 184, Article 111187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111187
Lin, G.-X., Szczygieł, D., & Piotrowski, K. (2022b). Child-oriented perfectionism and parental burnout: The moderating role of parents’ emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 198, 111805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111805
Lin, G. X., Szczygieł, D., Hansotte, L., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2023). Aiming to be perfect parents increases the risk of parental burnout, but emotional competence mitigates it. Current Psychology, 42(2), 1362-1370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01509-w
Lin, G. X., Szczygieł, D., & Blanchard, M. A. (2025). The interplay between parental perfectionism, emotional intelligence, and parental burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 240, 113148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2025.113148
Maslach, C. (1976). Burn-Out. Human Behavior, 5, 16-22.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Measurement of Experienced Burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, 99-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new Big Five: fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. The American psychologist, 61(3), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.204
Mikolajczak, M., Raes, M. E., Avalosse, H., & Roskam, I. (2018). Exhausted parents: Sociodemographic, child-related, parent-related, parenting and family-functioning correlates of parental burnout. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 602-614.
Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2018). A Theoretical and Clinical Framework for Parental Burnout: The Balance Between Risks and Resources (BR²). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00886
Piotrowski, K., Bojanowska, A., Szczygieł, D., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2023). Parental burnout at different stages of parenthood: Links with temperament, Big Five traits, and parental identity. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1087977. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087977
Patty, N. J. S., van Meeteren, K. M., Willemen, A. M., Mol, M. A. E., Verdonk, M., Ketelaar, M., & Schuengel, C. (2024). Understanding burnout among parents of children with complex care needs: A scoping review followed by a stakeholder consultation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(5), 1378–1392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02825-y
Roskam, I., Raes, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2017). Exhausted parents: development and preliminary validation of the parental burnout inventory. Frontiers in psychology, 8, Article 163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00163
Roskam, I., Brianda, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2018). A step forward in the conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 758. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00758
Raudasoja, M., Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K. (2023). Self-esteem, socially prescribed perfectionism, and parental burnout. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(4), 1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02324-y
Ren, X., Cai, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, O. (2024). A systematic review of parental burnout and related factors among parents. BMC public health, 24(1), 376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y
Stöber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(4), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00207-9
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: a cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour research and therapy, 40(7), 773–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00059-6
Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K. (2020). Risk factors for parental burnout among Finnish parents: the role of socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(3), 648–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01607-1
Sodi, T., Kpassagou, L. B., Hatta, O., Ndayizigiye, A., Ndayipfukamiye, J. M., Tenkué, J. N., Bahati, C., & Sezibera, V. (2020). Parenting and parental burnout in Africa. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2020(174), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20386
Szczygieł, D., Sekulowicz, M., Kwiatkowski, P., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2020). Validation of the Polish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). New directions for child and adolescent development, 2020(174), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20385
Song, T., Wang, W., Chen, S., Li, W., & Li, Y. (2023). Examining the effects of positive and negative perfectionism and maternal burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 208, 112192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112192
Yasar, H. J., Pirani, Z., & Ali, Z. E. (2024). A parental burnout modelling based on perfectionism mediated through self-compassion in parents of students suffering from specific learning behavioral disorder. Acta psychologica, 246, 104227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104227
Zbrodska, I., Roskam, I., Dolynska, L., & Mikolajczak, M. (2022). Validation of the Ukrainian version of the Parental Burnout Assessment. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1059937. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1059937.
Carmo, C., Oliveira, D., Brás, M., & Faísca, L. (2021). The Influence of Parental Perfectionism and Parenting Styles on Child Perfectionism. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 8(9), 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090777
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
Gaudreau, P. (2018). On the Distinction Between Personal Standards Perfectionism and Excellencism: A Theory Elaboration and Research Agenda. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 197-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618797940 (Original work published 2019)
Gaudreau, P. (2021). Separating the core definitional feature and the signature expressions of dispositional perfectionism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Personality and Individual Differences, 181, Article 110975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110975
Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6(2), 94-103.
Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology, 15(1), 27-33.
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of social issues, 30(1), 159-165.
Kawamoto, T., & Furutani, K. (2018). The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationships between perfectionism dimensions and psychological adjustment/maladjustment among mothers. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.008.
Le Vigouroux, S., Scola, C., Raes, M.-E., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2017). The big five personality traits and parental burnout: Protective and risk factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 216–219.
Lin, G.-X., Szczygiel, D., Hansotte, L., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2021). Aiming to be perfect parents increase the risk of parental burnout, but emotional competence mitigates it. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01509-w
Lin, G.-X., & Szczygieł, D. (2022a). Perfectionistic parents are burnt out by hiding emotions from their children, but this effect is attenuated by emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 184, Article 111187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111187
Lin, G.-X., Szczygieł, D., & Piotrowski, K. (2022b). Child-oriented perfectionism and parental burnout: The moderating role of parents’ emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 198, 111805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111805
Lin, G. X., Szczygieł, D., Hansotte, L., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2023). Aiming to be perfect parents increases the risk of parental burnout, but emotional competence mitigates it. Current Psychology, 42(2), 1362-1370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01509-w
Lin, G. X., Szczygieł, D., & Blanchard, M. A. (2025). The interplay between parental perfectionism, emotional intelligence, and parental burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 240, 113148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2025.113148
Maslach, C. (1976). Burn-Out. Human Behavior, 5, 16-22.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Measurement of Experienced Burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, 99-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new Big Five: fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. The American psychologist, 61(3), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.204
Mikolajczak, M., Raes, M. E., Avalosse, H., & Roskam, I. (2018). Exhausted parents: Sociodemographic, child-related, parent-related, parenting and family-functioning correlates of parental burnout. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 602-614.
Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2018). A Theoretical and Clinical Framework for Parental Burnout: The Balance Between Risks and Resources (BR²). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00886
Piotrowski, K., Bojanowska, A., Szczygieł, D., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2023). Parental burnout at different stages of parenthood: Links with temperament, Big Five traits, and parental identity. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1087977. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087977
Patty, N. J. S., van Meeteren, K. M., Willemen, A. M., Mol, M. A. E., Verdonk, M., Ketelaar, M., & Schuengel, C. (2024). Understanding burnout among parents of children with complex care needs: A scoping review followed by a stakeholder consultation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(5), 1378–1392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02825-y
Roskam, I., Raes, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2017). Exhausted parents: development and preliminary validation of the parental burnout inventory. Frontiers in psychology, 8, Article 163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00163
Roskam, I., Brianda, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2018). A step forward in the conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 758. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00758
Raudasoja, M., Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K. (2023). Self-esteem, socially prescribed perfectionism, and parental burnout. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(4), 1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02324-y
Ren, X., Cai, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, O. (2024). A systematic review of parental burnout and related factors among parents. BMC public health, 24(1), 376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y
Stöber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(4), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00207-9
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: a cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour research and therapy, 40(7), 773–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00059-6
Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K. (2020). Risk factors for parental burnout among Finnish parents: the role of socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(3), 648–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01607-1
Sodi, T., Kpassagou, L. B., Hatta, O., Ndayizigiye, A., Ndayipfukamiye, J. M., Tenkué, J. N., Bahati, C., & Sezibera, V. (2020). Parenting and parental burnout in Africa. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2020(174), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20386
Szczygieł, D., Sekulowicz, M., Kwiatkowski, P., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2020). Validation of the Polish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). New directions for child and adolescent development, 2020(174), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20385
Song, T., Wang, W., Chen, S., Li, W., & Li, Y. (2023). Examining the effects of positive and negative perfectionism and maternal burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 208, 112192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112192
Yasar, H. J., Pirani, Z., & Ali, Z. E. (2024). A parental burnout modelling based on perfectionism mediated through self-compassion in parents of students suffering from specific learning behavioral disorder. Acta psychologica, 246, 104227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104227
Zbrodska, I., Roskam, I., Dolynska, L., & Mikolajczak, M. (2022). Validation of the Ukrainian version of the Parental Burnout Assessment. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1059937. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1059937.