SYNTHESIS OF A HETEROGENEOUS CaO-SiO2 CATALYST FROM CRAB SHELLS AND RICE HUSKS FOR OLEIC ACID CONVERSION
Main Article Content
Abstract
Biodiesel is considered a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly energy source that can replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be produced either by esterification of fatty acids or transesterification of triglycerides. In this study, crab shells were recycled as a source of CaO. CaO was combined with SiO2 from rice husks to form a new heterogeneous catalyst for esterification. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDX. Synthesized CaO and CaO-SiO2 were used for esterification of oleic acid. The effects of catalyst type, temperature, reaction time, and MeOH:oleic acid molar ratio were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of SiO2 could improve the reaction rate while increasing the calcination temperature enhanced the activity of the CaO-SiO2 catalyst. The reaction temperature and time affected oleic acid conversion more significantly than the MeOH:oleic acid molar ratio. The highest conversion (78.49%) was achieved at 68 °C for 7 h, with a catalyst loading of 10 wt% CaO-SiO2 (900 °C) and a MeOH:oleic acid molar ratio of 10:1.
Keywords
Biodiesel, CaO-SiO2, crab shell, esterification, oleic acid, rice husk
Article Details
References
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Costa, J. de R. M., Santos, R. C. R., Coutinho, L. P., Silva, O. R., Barros, H. O., Freire, V. N., & Valentini, A. (2020). CO2 role on the glycerol conversion over catalyst containing CaO-SiO2 doped with Ag and Pt. Catalysis Today, 344, 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.02.009
Hanh, H. D., Dong, N. T., Okitsu, K., Nishimura, R., & Maeda, Y. (2009). Biodiesel production by esterification of oleic acid with short-chain alcohols under ultrasonic irradiation condition. Renewable Energy, 34(3), 780–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.001
Ismail, R., Cionita, T., Shing, W. L., Fitriyana, D. F., Siregar, J. P., Bayuseno, A. P., Nugraha, F. W., Muhamadin, R. C., Junid, R., & Endot, N. A. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Carbonate Obtained from Green Mussel and Crab Shells as a Biomaterials Candidate. Materials, 15(16), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165712
Kara, K., Ouanji, F., Lotfi, E. M., Mahi, M. E., Kacimi, M., & Ziyad, M. (2018). Biodiesel production from waste fish oil with high free fatty acid content from Moroccan fish-processing industries. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(2), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.010
Kong, P. S., Pérès, Y., Wan Daud, W. M. A., Cognet, P., & Aroua, M. K. (2019). Esterification of Glycerol With Oleic Acid Over Hydrophobic Zirconia-Silica Acid Catalyst and Commercial Acid Catalyst: Optimization and Influence of Catalyst Acidity. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00205
Kosuru, S. M. Y., Delhiwala, Y., Koorla, P. B., & Mekala, M. (2024). A review on the biodiesel production: Selection of catalyst, Pre-treatment, Post treatment methods. Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2(1), 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2023.100061
Lucena, I. L., Silva, G. F., & Fernandes, F. A. N. (2008). Biodiesel Production by Esterification of Oleic Acid with Methanol Using a Water Adsorption Apparatus. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47(18), 6885–6889. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800547h
Maafa, I. M., A Sayed Alahl, Amr., Abd El-Magied, M. O., Cui, X., & Dhmees, A. S. (2024). Eco-friendly self-terminated process for preparation of CaO catalyst based on chitosan production wastes for biodiesel production. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 30, 1217–1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.091
Mathew, G. M., Raina, D., Narisetty, V., Kumar, V., Saran, S., Pugazhendi, A., Sindhu, R., Pandey, A., & Binod, P. (2021). Recent advances in biodiesel production: Challenges and solutions. Science of The Total Environment, 794, 148751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148751
Melo, V. M. e, Ferreira, G. F., & Fregolente, L. V. (2024). Sustainable catalysts for biodiesel production: The potential of CaO supported on sugarcane bagasse biochar. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 189, 114042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114042
Moradi, P., Saidi, M., & Najafabadi, A. T. (2021). Biodiesel production via esterification of oleic acid as a representative of free fatty acid using electrolysis technique as a novel approach: Non-catalytic and catalytic conversion. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 147, 684–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.12.032
Palitsakun, S., Koonkuer, K., Topool, B., Seubsai, A., & Sudsakorn, K. (2021). Transesterification of Jatropha oil to biodiesel using SrO catalysts modified with CaO from waste eggshell. Catalysis Communications, 149, 106233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106233
Park, Y.-M., Lee, D.-W., Kim, D.-K., Lee, J.-S., & Lee, K.-Y. (2008). The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel. Catalysis Today, 131(1), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.10.052
Phuttawong, R., Chantaramee, N., Pookmanee, P., & Puntharod, R. (2015). Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Silicate from Rice Husk Ash and Shell of Snail Pomacea canaliculata by Solid State Reaction. Advanced Materials Research, 1103, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1103.1
Raya, I., Mayasari, E., Yahya, A., Syahrul, M., & Latunra, A. I. (2015). Shynthesis and Characterizations of Calcium Hydroxyapatite Derived from Crabs Shells (Portunus pelagicus) and Its Potency in Safeguard against to Dental Demineralizations. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2015, 469176. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/469176
Singh, D., Patidar, P., Ganesh, A., & Mahajani, S. (2013). Esterification of Oleic Acid with Glycerol in the Presence of Supported Zinc Oxide as Catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(42), 14776–14786. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie401636v
Son, S. M., Kimura, H., & Kusakabe, K. (2011). Esterification of oleic acid in a three-phase, fixed-bed reactor packed with a cation exchange resin catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 102(2), 2130–2132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.089
Suwannasingha, N., Kantavong, A., Tunkijjanukij, S., Aenglong, C., Liu, H.-B., & Klaypradit, W. (2022). Effect of calcination temperature on structure and characteristics of calcium oxide powder derived from marine shell waste. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 26(2), 101441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101441
Tran, N. T. T., Uemura, Y., Chowdhury, S., & Ramli, A. (2016). Vapor-phase hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol on Al-MCM-41 supported Ni and Co catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 512, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.12.021
Zhao, B., Wang, J., Zhu, D., Song, G., Yang, H., Chen, L., Sun, L., Yang, S., Guan, H., & Xie, X. (2019). Adsorption Characteristics of Gas Molecules (H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, and H2) on CaO-Based Catalysts during Biomass Thermal Conversion with in Situ CO2 Capture. Catalysts, 9(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9090757
Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Song, X., & Liu, F. (2017). Highly Active and Recyclable Mesoporous Molecular Sieves CaO(SrO,BaO)/SBA-15 with Base Sites as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Methanolysis of Polycarbonate. Catalysis Letters, 147(12), 2940-2949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-017-2193-3
Amenaghawon, A. N., Obahiagbon, K., Isesele, V., & Usman, F. (2022). Optimized biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a functionalized bio-based heterogeneous catalyst. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 8, 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100501
Cardoso, C. C., Cavalcanti, A. S., Silva, R. O., Alves Junior, S., Sousa, F. P. de, Pasa, V. M. D., Arias, S., & Pacheco, J. G. A. (2020). Residue-Based CaO Heterogeneous Catalysts from Crab and Mollusk Shells for FAME Production Via Transesterification. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 31, 756–767. https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20190240
Carmo, A. C., de Souza, L. K. C., da Costa, C. E. F., Longo, E., Zamian, J. R., & da Rocha Filho, G. N. (2009). Production of biodiesel by esterification of palmitic acid over mesoporous aluminosilicate Al-MCM-41. Fuel, 88(3), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.10.007
Chen, G., Shan, R., Li, S., & Shi, J. (2015). A biomimetic silicification approach to synthesize CaO–SiO2 catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil into biodiesel. Fuel, 153, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.109
Correia, L. M., Saboya, R. M. A., de Sousa Campelo, N., Cecilia, J. A., Rodríguez-Castellón, E., Cavalcante, C. L., & Vieira, R. S. (2014). Characterization of calcium oxide catalysts from natural sources and their application in the transesterification of sunflower oil. Bioresource Technology, 151, 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.046
Costa, J. de R. M., Santos, R. C. R., Coutinho, L. P., Silva, O. R., Barros, H. O., Freire, V. N., & Valentini, A. (2020). CO2 role on the glycerol conversion over catalyst containing CaO-SiO2 doped with Ag and Pt. Catalysis Today, 344, 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.02.009
Hanh, H. D., Dong, N. T., Okitsu, K., Nishimura, R., & Maeda, Y. (2009). Biodiesel production by esterification of oleic acid with short-chain alcohols under ultrasonic irradiation condition. Renewable Energy, 34(3), 780–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.001
Ismail, R., Cionita, T., Shing, W. L., Fitriyana, D. F., Siregar, J. P., Bayuseno, A. P., Nugraha, F. W., Muhamadin, R. C., Junid, R., & Endot, N. A. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Carbonate Obtained from Green Mussel and Crab Shells as a Biomaterials Candidate. Materials, 15(16), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165712
Kara, K., Ouanji, F., Lotfi, E. M., Mahi, M. E., Kacimi, M., & Ziyad, M. (2018). Biodiesel production from waste fish oil with high free fatty acid content from Moroccan fish-processing industries. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(2), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.010
Kong, P. S., Pérès, Y., Wan Daud, W. M. A., Cognet, P., & Aroua, M. K. (2019). Esterification of Glycerol With Oleic Acid Over Hydrophobic Zirconia-Silica Acid Catalyst and Commercial Acid Catalyst: Optimization and Influence of Catalyst Acidity. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00205
Kosuru, S. M. Y., Delhiwala, Y., Koorla, P. B., & Mekala, M. (2024). A review on the biodiesel production: Selection of catalyst, Pre-treatment, Post treatment methods. Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2(1), 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2023.100061
Lucena, I. L., Silva, G. F., & Fernandes, F. A. N. (2008). Biodiesel Production by Esterification of Oleic Acid with Methanol Using a Water Adsorption Apparatus. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47(18), 6885–6889. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800547h
Maafa, I. M., A Sayed Alahl, Amr., Abd El-Magied, M. O., Cui, X., & Dhmees, A. S. (2024). Eco-friendly self-terminated process for preparation of CaO catalyst based on chitosan production wastes for biodiesel production. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 30, 1217–1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.091
Mathew, G. M., Raina, D., Narisetty, V., Kumar, V., Saran, S., Pugazhendi, A., Sindhu, R., Pandey, A., & Binod, P. (2021). Recent advances in biodiesel production: Challenges and solutions. Science of The Total Environment, 794, 148751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148751
Melo, V. M. e, Ferreira, G. F., & Fregolente, L. V. (2024). Sustainable catalysts for biodiesel production: The potential of CaO supported on sugarcane bagasse biochar. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 189, 114042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114042
Moradi, P., Saidi, M., & Najafabadi, A. T. (2021). Biodiesel production via esterification of oleic acid as a representative of free fatty acid using electrolysis technique as a novel approach: Non-catalytic and catalytic conversion. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 147, 684–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.12.032
Palitsakun, S., Koonkuer, K., Topool, B., Seubsai, A., & Sudsakorn, K. (2021). Transesterification of Jatropha oil to biodiesel using SrO catalysts modified with CaO from waste eggshell. Catalysis Communications, 149, 106233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106233
Park, Y.-M., Lee, D.-W., Kim, D.-K., Lee, J.-S., & Lee, K.-Y. (2008). The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel. Catalysis Today, 131(1), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.10.052
Phuttawong, R., Chantaramee, N., Pookmanee, P., & Puntharod, R. (2015). Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Silicate from Rice Husk Ash and Shell of Snail Pomacea canaliculata by Solid State Reaction. Advanced Materials Research, 1103, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1103.1
Raya, I., Mayasari, E., Yahya, A., Syahrul, M., & Latunra, A. I. (2015). Shynthesis and Characterizations of Calcium Hydroxyapatite Derived from Crabs Shells (Portunus pelagicus) and Its Potency in Safeguard against to Dental Demineralizations. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2015, 469176. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/469176
Singh, D., Patidar, P., Ganesh, A., & Mahajani, S. (2013). Esterification of Oleic Acid with Glycerol in the Presence of Supported Zinc Oxide as Catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(42), 14776–14786. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie401636v
Son, S. M., Kimura, H., & Kusakabe, K. (2011). Esterification of oleic acid in a three-phase, fixed-bed reactor packed with a cation exchange resin catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 102(2), 2130–2132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.089
Suwannasingha, N., Kantavong, A., Tunkijjanukij, S., Aenglong, C., Liu, H.-B., & Klaypradit, W. (2022). Effect of calcination temperature on structure and characteristics of calcium oxide powder derived from marine shell waste. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 26(2), 101441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101441
Tran, N. T. T., Uemura, Y., Chowdhury, S., & Ramli, A. (2016). Vapor-phase hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol on Al-MCM-41 supported Ni and Co catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 512, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.12.021
Zhao, B., Wang, J., Zhu, D., Song, G., Yang, H., Chen, L., Sun, L., Yang, S., Guan, H., & Xie, X. (2019). Adsorption Characteristics of Gas Molecules (H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, and H2) on CaO-Based Catalysts during Biomass Thermal Conversion with in Situ CO2 Capture. Catalysts, 9(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9090757
Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Song, X., & Liu, F. (2017). Highly Active and Recyclable Mesoporous Molecular Sieves CaO(SrO,BaO)/SBA-15 with Base Sites as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Methanolysis of Polycarbonate. Catalysis Letters, 147(12), 2940-2949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-017-2193-3