THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ACEROLA FRUIT JUICE AGAINST LEAD TOXICITY ON RED BLOOD CELL SIZE IN MALE ALBINO MICE
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effects of acerola fruit juice against lead toxicity by examining the size of red blood cells in male albino mice. The mice were divided into 6 groups, including a control group, a lead-exposed group (70 mg/kg body weight), a vitamin C group (30 mg/kg body weight), and three groups co-exposed to lead with acerola fruit juice at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The results revealed that while lead exposure over four and eight weeks significantly reduced mouse red blood cells, co-administration of acerola fruit juice, particularly at 40 mg/kg, preserved normal red blood cell morphology and counteracted the hematotoxic effects of lead. These findings highlight the potential of acerola fruit juice as a supportive agent against lead-induced toxicity and warrant further investigation into its underlying mechanisms and therapeutic applications.
Keywords
acerola fruit juice, albino mice, lead toxicity, red blood cell size, vitamin C
Article Details
References
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El-Tantawy, W. H. (2016). Antioxidant effects of Spirulina supplement against lead acetate-induced hepatic injury in rats. J Tradit Complement Med, 6(4), 327-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.02.001
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Horta, R. N., Kahl, V. F., Sarmento Mda, S., Nunes, M. F., Porto, C. R., Andrade, V. M., Ferraz Ade, B., & Silva, J. D. (2016). Protective effects of acerola juice on genotoxicity induced by iron in vivo. Genet Mol Biol, 39(1), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0157
Ibrahim, N. M., Eweis, E. A., El-Beltagi, H. S., & Abdel-Mobdy, Y. E. (2012). Effect of lead acetate toxicity on experimental male albino rat. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 2(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60187-1
Laurindo, L. F., Takeda, L. N., Machado, N. M., Otoboni, A. M. M. B., de Alvares Goulart, R., Catharin, V. C. S., Silva, L. R., Barbalho, S. M., & Direito, R. J. F. B. (2024). Health Benefits of Acerola (Malpighia spp) and its By-Products: A Comprehensive Review of Nutrient-Rich Composition, Pharmacological Potential, and Industrial Applications. Food Bioscience, 62, 105422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105422
Lins, P. G., Marina Piccoli Pugine, S., Scatolini, A. M., & de Melo, M. P. (2018). In vitro antioxidant activity of olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) and its protective effect on oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. Heliyon, 4(9), e00805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00805
Mani, M. S., Joshi, M. B., Shetty, R. R., VL, D. S., Swathi, M., Kabekkodu, S. P., & Dsouza, H. S. (2020). Lead exposure induces metabolic reprogramming in rat models. Toxicol Lett, 335, 11-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.09.010
Mohanty, J. G., Nagababu, E., & Rifkind, J. M. (2014). Red blood cell oxidative stress impairs oxygen delivery and induces red blood cell aging. Front Physiol, 5, 84. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00084
Moore, C. A., & Adil, A. (2022). Macrocytic Anemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved July 11 from Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459295/
Moran, U. (2001-2005). Red blood cell diameter - Mouse Mus musculus. In Red blood cell diameter, Cell Size Database: T. Ryan Gregory.
National Institutes of Health. (2021, October 7). Vitamin C. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
NatureClaim. (2024, September 4, 2024-09-04). Acerola Nutrition. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://natureclaim.com/nutrition/info/acerola/
Nguyen, T. T. H., & Vo, V. T. (2019). Experiment of Human and Animal physiolgy (text in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Publishing House
Notariale, R., Infantino, R., Palazzo, E., & Manna, C. (2021). Erythrocytes as a Model for Heavy Metal-Related Vascular Dysfunction: The Protective Effect of Dietary Components. Int J Mol Sci, 22(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126604
Ojeka, S., Ukoro, B., & Onwoke, E. E. (2024). Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin C on Some Hematological Parameters of Male Wistar Rats Exposed to Lead Acetate. International Blood Research & Reviews, 15(2), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.9734/ibrr/2024/v15i2335
Pehlivan, F. E. (2017). Vitamin C: An antioxidant agent. Vitamin C, 2, 23-35. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69660
Peters, J. L., Perry, M. J., McNeely, E., Wright, R. O., Heiger-Bernays, W., & Weuve, J. (2021). The association of cadmium and lead exposures with red cell distribution width. PLoS ONE, 16(1), e0245173. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245173
Prakash, A., & Baskaran, R. (2018). Acerola, an untapped functional superfruit: a review on latest frontiers. J Food Sci Technol, 55(9), 3373-3384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3309-5
Sani, A. H., & Amanabo, M. (2021). Lead: A concise review of its toxicity, mechanism and health effect. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(1), 055-062. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.15.1.0096
Schulte, M., Struckmann, V., Harder, M., Kneser, U., & Harhaus, L. (2021). Inflamyar™ Protects from Oxidative Stress. Biomedical Journal of Scientific Technical Research, 34(3), 26706-26713. https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2021.34.005544
Sharaf, A., Farrag, A., & Fahmy, H. (2017). Protective effects of vitamin C on hematological and biochemical parameters of intoxicated male albino rats with lead and cadmium. Middle East J. Appl. Sci, 7, 57-67. https://curresweb.com/mejas/mejas/2017/57-67.pdf
The Natural Food Hub. (2018, January 16). Natural food Fruit Vitamin C Content. http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_fruit_vitamin_c.htm., Accessed at 10:00 am, 16/01/2018. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_fruit_vitamin_c.htm
Thuong, H. N. T., Lan, C. T. N., Van, T. T., Thanh, H. N. T., & Ke, Q. T. (2023). Effect of lead on hematological parameters and histopathology of the liver, kidney and spleen of female albino mice. Asian Journal of Health Sciences, 9(1), ID52-ID52. https://ajhs.biomedpress.org/index.php/ajhs/article/view/523
Tupe, R. S., Bangar, N., Nisar, A., Kulkarni, A., Sankhe, N., Chauhan, R., Mistry, N., & Shaikh, S. (2021). Piperine exhibits preventive and curative effect on erythrocytes membrane modifications and oxidative stress against in vitro albumin glycation. J Food Biochem, e13846. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13846
Vilvert, J. C., de Freitas, S. T., dos Santos, L. F., S. Ribeiro, T. d., & Veloso, C. M. (2024). Phenolic compounds in acerola fruit and by-products: An overview on identification, quantification, influencing factors, and biological properties. Journal of Food Measurement Characterization, 18(1), 216-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02175-1
World Health Organization. (2024). Lead poisoning. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
Ziamajidi, N., Daei, S., Khajvand-Abedini, M., Abbasalipourkabir, R., & Nourian, A. (2023). Vitamins A, C, and E Exert Anti-apoptotic Function in the Testis of Rats After Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Chonnam Med J, 59(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2023.59.1.48
Andjelkovic, M., Buha Djordjevic, A., Antonijevic, E., Antonijevic, B., Stanic, M., Kotur-Stevuljevic, J., Spasojevic-Kalimanovska, V., Jovanovic, M., Boricic, N., Wallace, D., & Bulat, Z. (2019). Toxic Effect of Acute Cadmium and Lead Exposure in Rat Blood, Liver, and Kidney. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020274
Autifi, M. A. H., Mohamed, W. Y., Abdul Haye, W. M., & Elbaz, K. R. (2018). The possible protective role of Vitamin C against toxicity induced by lead acetate in liver and spleen of adult albino rats (Light and Electron Microscopic Study). The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 73(10), 7650-7658. https://ejhm.journals.ekb.eg/article_19896_72db5357bedbc0e3749019494d0f4054.pdf
Balali-Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M. R., & Sadeghi, M. (2021). Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Front Pharmacol, 12, 643972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972
Batista, K. S., Cavalcante, H. C., Gomes, J. A. S., Silva, L. A. D., Cavalcanti, N. S. H., Garcia, E. F., Menezes, F., Lima, T. A. S., Souza, E. L., Magnani, M., & Aquino, J. S. (2023). Effects of supplementation of tropical fruit processing by-products on lipid profile, retinol levels and intestinal function in Wistar rats. An Acad Bras Cienc, 95(2), e20201684. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320201684
Bergeson, L. L. J. E. Q. M. (2008). The proposed lead NAAQS: Is consideration of cost in the clean air act's future?, 18(1).
Bourekoua, H., Gawlik-Dziki, U., Różyło, R., Zidoune, M. N., & Dziki, D. (2021). Acerola fruit as a natural antioxidant ingredient for gluten-free bread: An approach to improve bread quality. Food science and technology international, 27(1), 13-21. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1082013220929152
Bowen-Forbes, C. S., Zhang, Y., & Nair, M. G. (2010). Anthocyanin content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of blackberry and raspberry fruits. Journal of food composition and analysis, 23(6), 554-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2009.08.012
Chaudhry, H. S., & Kasarla, M. R. (2023). Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved August 14 from Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470252/
Cheng, D., Wang, G., Wang, X., Tang, J., & Li, C. (2020). Chlorogenic acid improves lipid membrane peroxidation and morphological changes in nitrite-induced erythrocyte model of methemoglobinemia. J Food Biochem, 44(5), e13172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13172
Dias, F. M., Leffa, D. D., Daumann, F., Marques Sde, O., Luciano, T. F., Possato, J. C., de Santana, A. A., Neves, R. X., Rosa, J. C., Oyama, L. M., Rodrigues, B., de Andrade, V. M., de Souza, C. T., & de Lira, F. S. (2014). Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) juice intake protects against alterations to proteins involved in inflammatory and lipolysis pathways in the adipose tissue of obese mice fed a cafeteria diet. Lipids Health Dis, 13, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-24
Ekanem, A., Kwari, H., Garba, S., & Salami, H. (2015). Effect of lead acetate on spleen and blood parameters in albino rats. IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci. Ver. I, 14, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-14314349
El-Tantawy, W. H. (2016). Antioxidant effects of Spirulina supplement against lead acetate-induced hepatic injury in rats. J Tradit Complement Med, 6(4), 327-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.02.001
Garcia, V. A. d. S., Borges, J. G., Vanin, F. M., & Carvalho, R. A. d. (2020). Vitamin C stability in acerola and camu-camu powder obtained by spray drying. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 23, e2019237. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.23719
Healthline. (2019, October 24). Everything You Need to Know About Microcytic Anemia. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.healthline.com/health/microcytic-anemia
Horta, R. N., Kahl, V. F., Sarmento Mda, S., Nunes, M. F., Porto, C. R., Andrade, V. M., Ferraz Ade, B., & Silva, J. D. (2016). Protective effects of acerola juice on genotoxicity induced by iron in vivo. Genet Mol Biol, 39(1), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0157
Ibrahim, N. M., Eweis, E. A., El-Beltagi, H. S., & Abdel-Mobdy, Y. E. (2012). Effect of lead acetate toxicity on experimental male albino rat. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 2(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60187-1
Laurindo, L. F., Takeda, L. N., Machado, N. M., Otoboni, A. M. M. B., de Alvares Goulart, R., Catharin, V. C. S., Silva, L. R., Barbalho, S. M., & Direito, R. J. F. B. (2024). Health Benefits of Acerola (Malpighia spp) and its By-Products: A Comprehensive Review of Nutrient-Rich Composition, Pharmacological Potential, and Industrial Applications. Food Bioscience, 62, 105422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105422
Lins, P. G., Marina Piccoli Pugine, S., Scatolini, A. M., & de Melo, M. P. (2018). In vitro antioxidant activity of olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) and its protective effect on oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. Heliyon, 4(9), e00805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00805
Mani, M. S., Joshi, M. B., Shetty, R. R., VL, D. S., Swathi, M., Kabekkodu, S. P., & Dsouza, H. S. (2020). Lead exposure induces metabolic reprogramming in rat models. Toxicol Lett, 335, 11-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.09.010
Mohanty, J. G., Nagababu, E., & Rifkind, J. M. (2014). Red blood cell oxidative stress impairs oxygen delivery and induces red blood cell aging. Front Physiol, 5, 84. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00084
Moore, C. A., & Adil, A. (2022). Macrocytic Anemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved July 11 from Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459295/
Moran, U. (2001-2005). Red blood cell diameter - Mouse Mus musculus. In Red blood cell diameter, Cell Size Database: T. Ryan Gregory.
National Institutes of Health. (2021, October 7). Vitamin C. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
NatureClaim. (2024, September 4, 2024-09-04). Acerola Nutrition. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://natureclaim.com/nutrition/info/acerola/
Nguyen, T. T. H., & Vo, V. T. (2019). Experiment of Human and Animal physiolgy (text in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Publishing House
Notariale, R., Infantino, R., Palazzo, E., & Manna, C. (2021). Erythrocytes as a Model for Heavy Metal-Related Vascular Dysfunction: The Protective Effect of Dietary Components. Int J Mol Sci, 22(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126604
Ojeka, S., Ukoro, B., & Onwoke, E. E. (2024). Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin C on Some Hematological Parameters of Male Wistar Rats Exposed to Lead Acetate. International Blood Research & Reviews, 15(2), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.9734/ibrr/2024/v15i2335
Pehlivan, F. E. (2017). Vitamin C: An antioxidant agent. Vitamin C, 2, 23-35. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69660
Peters, J. L., Perry, M. J., McNeely, E., Wright, R. O., Heiger-Bernays, W., & Weuve, J. (2021). The association of cadmium and lead exposures with red cell distribution width. PLoS ONE, 16(1), e0245173. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245173
Prakash, A., & Baskaran, R. (2018). Acerola, an untapped functional superfruit: a review on latest frontiers. J Food Sci Technol, 55(9), 3373-3384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3309-5
Sani, A. H., & Amanabo, M. (2021). Lead: A concise review of its toxicity, mechanism and health effect. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(1), 055-062. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.15.1.0096
Schulte, M., Struckmann, V., Harder, M., Kneser, U., & Harhaus, L. (2021). Inflamyar™ Protects from Oxidative Stress. Biomedical Journal of Scientific Technical Research, 34(3), 26706-26713. https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2021.34.005544
Sharaf, A., Farrag, A., & Fahmy, H. (2017). Protective effects of vitamin C on hematological and biochemical parameters of intoxicated male albino rats with lead and cadmium. Middle East J. Appl. Sci, 7, 57-67. https://curresweb.com/mejas/mejas/2017/57-67.pdf
The Natural Food Hub. (2018, January 16). Natural food Fruit Vitamin C Content. http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_fruit_vitamin_c.htm., Accessed at 10:00 am, 16/01/2018. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_fruit_vitamin_c.htm
Thuong, H. N. T., Lan, C. T. N., Van, T. T., Thanh, H. N. T., & Ke, Q. T. (2023). Effect of lead on hematological parameters and histopathology of the liver, kidney and spleen of female albino mice. Asian Journal of Health Sciences, 9(1), ID52-ID52. https://ajhs.biomedpress.org/index.php/ajhs/article/view/523
Tupe, R. S., Bangar, N., Nisar, A., Kulkarni, A., Sankhe, N., Chauhan, R., Mistry, N., & Shaikh, S. (2021). Piperine exhibits preventive and curative effect on erythrocytes membrane modifications and oxidative stress against in vitro albumin glycation. J Food Biochem, e13846. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13846
Vilvert, J. C., de Freitas, S. T., dos Santos, L. F., S. Ribeiro, T. d., & Veloso, C. M. (2024). Phenolic compounds in acerola fruit and by-products: An overview on identification, quantification, influencing factors, and biological properties. Journal of Food Measurement Characterization, 18(1), 216-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02175-1
World Health Organization. (2024). Lead poisoning. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
Ziamajidi, N., Daei, S., Khajvand-Abedini, M., Abbasalipourkabir, R., & Nourian, A. (2023). Vitamins A, C, and E Exert Anti-apoptotic Function in the Testis of Rats After Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Chonnam Med J, 59(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2023.59.1.48